A separable assignment problem (SAP) is defined by a set of bins and a set of items to pack in each bin; a value, f, for assigning item j to bin i; and a separate packing constraint for each bin—i.e., ...

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) remains one of the most challenging NP‐hard problems in combinatorial optimisation, with significant implications for logistics, network design and route planning ...

The Traveling Salesman Problem with Backhauls (TSPB) is defined on a graph G = (V, E). The vertex set is partitioned into V=({v1},L,B), where v1 is a depot, L is a set of linehaul customers, and B is ...